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Best Non Toxic Mattresses
By Dr. Meg Christensen | Updated October 2025
I analyze mattresses layer by layer—foam, fabric, adhesives, processing—and verify every "non-toxic" claim. I don't just repeat what brands or other reviewers say—it's independent material analysis based on what's actually inside each mattress. Ranked from healthiest to least healthy.
Avocado: Best for Wide Selection & Brand Trust
I've personally slept on Avocado's Green Mattress for years—it's durable, supportive, and super comfortable. Avocado now offers 8 different non-toxic mattresses including vegan, luxury, affordable, and springless latex options. Every mattress uses GOLS and GOTS certified organic latex, wool, and cotton. They publish every ingredient and supplier, maintaining transparency even as they've scaled, which I really appreciate. The first ten mattresses are equally healthy— Avocado stands out for transparency and because I can offer a personal review.
EarthFoam: Best for All-Latex Construction and Longevity
This is what I have in my guest room: 100% GOLS-certified organic latex with no springs, just pure latex encased in GOTS organic wool and cotton. I love that it won’t develop body impressions or sagging since latex is so much more durable than regular foam. You can choose medium or firm, and add a topper for extra plushness if needed— I went with firm, plus a softer topper. Layers are bonded with liquid latex (no glues). More affordable than hybrid options while lasting even longer.
Savvy Rest: Best for Customization & Split Firmness Options
Savvy Rest stands out for its unmatched customization. Choose between hybrid or springless organic mattresses, luxury or budget-friendly models, and customize firmness on each side—perfect for couples with different preferences. Their unique feature is offering C2C Gold certified Talalay latex layers, which is plusher than the Dunlop latex most organic brands use. All other materials are GOTS and GOLS certified organic cotton and latex, bonded with liquid organic latex instead of toxic glues.
My Green Mattress: Best for Budget-Conscious Buyers
The Kiwi mattress is consistently the most affordable GOTS and GOLS certified organic mattress year-round even without sales. Ideal if you want certified organic materials without the luxury price tag. If you need extra support, their Natural Escape model adds extra organic latex layers. Both use zero glues between layers and carry all major health certifications.
Coyuchi: Best for Motion Isolation & Couples
If you don’t want to pursue the split firmness route like Savvy Rest offers, Coyuchi's Natural REM has over 2,000 micro-coils in the Queen size—great for motion isolation if your partner tosses and turns. All 7 layers use GOTS organic undyed cotton and wool plus GOLS organic Dunlop latex with zero adhesives between layers. The micro-coil system provides responsive support without the partner disturbance of traditional innerspring mattresses.
Obasan: Best for Custom Ergonomic Support
Obasan custom-builds each mattress based on your height, weight, and body shape for personalized ergonomic support. Completely GOLS and GOTS certified with no adhesives. This is a significant investment, but you're paying for both premium organic materials and mattress engineering tailored to your body.
Plush Beds: Best for Customizable Thickness & Pillowtop Options
If you want to have fine-tune your mattress thickness and pillowtops, Plush Beds is great. They offer 9", 10", or 12" thickness in either spring or springless organic latex. Queen, King, and Cal King sizes available as split mattresses (different firmness on each side). All GOTS and GOLS certified organic materials. Opt for the luxury pillowtop for extra cushioning or standard for firmer support. They also have unique materials in their ultra-luxury Royal mattresses, like horse, alpaca, and camel hair.
Happsy: Best for Affordable Naturepedic Quality
Owned by premium brand Naturepedic, Happsy actually offers even better certified organic standards at a lower price point. They make one excellent mattress model: GOLS organic latex with GOTS organic cotton and wool, carrying all major health certifications. It’s a simple choice, with reliable quality, and a great price.
The Silk & Snow Organic Mattress is the first one outside the top 10 perfectly healthy mattresses. It's only ranked here (rather than higher) because of the water-based adhesive used between layers—still far safer than chemical glues in conventional mattresses, just not quite as pure as liquid latex or hand-stitching. Otherwise, it's fully GOLS and GOTS certified and comes in three firmness levels. Affordable and straightforward: their only natural offering among foam mattresses, but they execute it well.
GOLS-certified organic latex wrapped in OEKO-TEX certified wool creates a springless mattress that's as close to memory foam feel as natural materials get. What sets Medley apart: they make the only non-toxic upholstered bed frames, plus lots of other beautiful handmade bedroom furniture. They’re an ultra-transparent and small USA based company — I chose a couch from them, and love their solid wood furniture, too.
Home of Wool: Best for Spring-Free & Latex-Free
If you have latex sensitivity or simply want to avoid both springs and latex, these all-wool mattresses are great. Highly customizable: choose GOTS or OEKO-TEX certified cotton, linen, or wool outer fabric and inner stuffing. Works as a non-toxic futon mattress or traditional bed mattress.
SleeponLatex: Best for Amazon Shoppers & Fast Shipping
The only GOLS-certified organic latex mattress with excellent ratings available on Amazon—ideal if you want Prime shipping. One of the most affordable springless latex options. Choose medium or firm, both encased in GOTS-certified organic wool and cotton. Layers bonded with liquid latex (no toxic glues).
The best latex-free organic mattress if you have latex sensitivity but still want natural materials. People report back that they love for its plush, cloud-like feel, and it's made with GOTS-certified organic cotton, OEKO-TEX wool, and stainless steel springs—no latex anywhere. Perfect if you want support, breathability, and comfort without synthetic foam or latex.
Peace Lily uses 100% natural latex verified by ecoINSTITUT certification (confirming zero synthetic fillers), though it's not organic-certified like GOLS mattresses are. Fabrics are GOTS-certified organic, and layers are bonded with latex mixed with water. A solid middle-ground option.
Readers consistently tell me Naturepedic mattresses are the most comfortable they've tried, with excellent customization options. Important note: As they've expanded, Naturepedic now uses natural and semi-natural (like PLA) ingredients alongside organic ones increasing accessibility but moving away from their original all-organic approach. For example: GOTS certified latex is not the same as GOLS and isn’t necessarily organic (read more in my Foam Guide.) They may use GOLS for some things, but it is not listed on any of their mattresses anymore. Still high-quality, truly natural, and much safer than conventional.
Birch uses natural (not organic) Talalay latex with ecoINSTITUT certification confirming it's 100% natural without synthetic fillers. GOTS-certified organic cotton (wool is not certified), and water-based GreenGuard GOLD certified adhesive. A solid mid-tier option if you want natural Talalay latex's plusher feel without the full organic price tag.
Features a Kevlar cover instead of wool (for complete dust mite-proofing), or order without Kevlar using a doctor's note. The organic latex is processed to remove latex proteins, making this ideal for severe allergy sufferers dealing with wool, mold, dust mites, or latex protein sensitivities. I would personally ignore the questionable EMF/quartz claims, but the mattress is legitimately mostly organic and beloved for comfort.
Saatva's Latex Hybrid and Zenhaven are 100% polyurethane foam-free, using GOLS latex. They have switched to using polyester instead of GOTS cotton, and use proprietary hot-melt adhesive and antimicrobial treatments that aren't fully disclosed. Their crib mattresses were also found to have PFAS in them. So while their full size mattresses are probably truly healthier than average, they don't meet the highest transparency standards.
Uses a mix of USDA-certified cotton (pesticide-free but may have chemical processing) and GOTS-certified organic cotton, plus GOLS organic Dunlop latex, OEKO-TEX wool, and coconut coir. "Eco-friendly" doesn't always mean non-toxic—USDA cotton can be chemically processed after harvest in ways harmful to humans. Read their layer details carefully to understand what's GOTS vs. USDA certified.
Affordable GOLS-certified organic latex mattresses with stated natural wool and organic cotton (though these lack certification, so verify for yourself). They use water-based adhesive. Very transparent and responsive to detailed questions via email—one of the more affordable organic latex options available.
The Crystal Cove is uniquely flippable: one side has GOLS-certified organic latex, the other has CertiPUR memory foam. GreenGuard certified (minimal off-gassing), wool-free (vegan-friendly), with water-based adhesive. An unusual hybrid approach if you genuinely can't decide between organic latex and memory foam.
Most "soy-based biofoam" is just 5% soy with the rest being toxic polyurethane foam. White Lotus's Evergreen EcoFoam is the exception: 100% plant-based and the closest you'll get to non-toxic memory foam. Latex-free, though you'll need a doctor's note to order without wool (which acts as natural flame retardant).
The Owl mattress blends Talalay latex with CertiPUR polyurethane foam—a hybrid approach. Uncertified fabrics and water-based adhesive. The CertiPUR foam is marginally better than standard foam (lower VOCs), but still synthetic. They're responsive to health questions, which is appreciated.
If you're buying conventional foam, make it Tuft & Needle. No fiberglass or chemical fire retardants—they use ammonium phosphate (safe food-grade salt) instead. Polyester and cotton cover with water-based, latex-free glues. Several affordable hybrid options. Still a foam mattress, but significantly safer than standard brands.
Awara
Are Awara mattresses non-toxic? No—and transparency is questionable. In mid-2024, Awara added GOLS certification logos to their website, but after repeated emails requesting proof, I received no response and cannot find them in the GOLS database. It turns out they’ve been through fraud issues before, so I will no longer rate their materials, as it’s hard to know what they’re actually made of. The same parent company also owns Nectar, DreamCloud, and the mattress rating website SleepAuthority. There is a lot of healthwashing in the non-toxic mattress world, and this is a perfect example of it.
Are IKEA mattresses non-toxic? No, but healthier than most conventional options and very affordable. Hybrid construction (springs reduce total foam) and unique rayon/polyester flame retardant encasement instead of chemical-soaked materials throughout—though some zippers and stitching still contain flame retardants. Let it off-gas thoroughly and pair with an organic mattress topper to improve safety.
The Ultimate Guide to What Makes a Non-Toxic Mattress Actually Non-Toxic
What is an organic mattress made of?
Organic mattresses are made with natural, certified materials instead of synthetic foams and chemicals. The most common organic mattress materials include GOLS-certified organic latex (natural rubber from rubber trees), GOTS-certified organic cotton, and organic wool.
Organic wool serves a dual purpose: it provides cushioning and acts as a natural flame retardant, meeting legal fire safety requirements without toxic chemical flame retardants found in conventional mattresses. Some organic mattresses include organic cotton batting for extra comfort, while hybrid models feature stainless steel coil springs for support. Instead of petroleum-based adhesives, many brands use liquid organic latex as a non-toxic glue to bond mattress layers together. Other natural materials you might find include coconut coir, hemp, and organic silk—all plastic-free alternatives to polyurethane foam.
What is natural latex?
Natural latex is natural rubber harvested from the Hevea brasiliensis rubber tree. It starts as a milky white liquid (called latex sap) that's whipped and baked to create a springy, supportive foam-like material used in organic mattresses.
There are two types of natural latex processing methods: Dunlop latex and Talalay latex. Dunlop is denser and firmer, making it ideal for support layers, while Talalay is softer and plusher, perfect for comfort layers. You can read about the detailed differences in my free guide to foam here.
Important distinction: Natural latex is often confused with synthetic latex, which is made from petroleum-based chemicals (styrene-butadiene rubber). They're completely different materials. Natural latex comes from trees and is certified organic through GOLS certification, while synthetic latex is a lab-made chemical product found in conventional mattresses. When shopping for a non-toxic mattress, always verify the latex is 100% natural or certified organic—not a synthetic blend.
What is the difference between organic vs natural mattresses?
Organic Mattresses
Organic mattresses are made with certified natural materials—organic latex, organic cotton, and organic wool—grown without synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides. After harvesting, no toxic processing agents, chemical dyes, or harmful finishing treatments are used. The materials must remain chemical-free throughout the entire supply chain to maintain organic certification.
"Organic" is a highly regulated term for mattresses. Look for two key certifications: Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) for organic cotton and wool, and Global Organic Latex Standard (GOLS) for organic latex. These third-party certifications verify the mattress is truly organic from farm to finished product.
Important note: Some mattresses start with organic fibers but are processed with chemicals afterward, disqualifying them from organic certification. Always verify GOTS and GOLS certification—not just marketing claims. You can read more about what makes foam and fabric truly organic in my free Material Health Guides.
Natural Mattresses
Natural mattresses are also made with materials from nature—natural latex, cotton, and wool—but these materials may have been grown with synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. They may also be processed with chemical dyes, bleaches, or finishing treatments after harvest.
While "natural" means the material originated from natural sources (not petroleum-based synthetics like polyester or polyurethane foam), it's a less regulated term than "organic." Natural mattresses often carry certifications like Cradle to Cradle (C2C), ecoINSTITUT, OEKO TEX or GreenGuard, which verify the finished product contains fewer toxic chemicals than conventional mattresses—but don't guarantee organic growing practices.
Bottom line: Organic mattresses are the healthiest option with the strictest standards. Natural mattresses are a step up from conventional foam mattresses but may still contain some chemical processing. You can read more about what makes materials natural (but not quite organic) in my free Material Health Guides.
Are organic mattresses flame retardant free?
Yes, organic mattresses are free of toxic chemical flame retardants.
Conventional mattresses contain chemical flame retardants—known endocrine disruptors and carcinogens—because polyurethane foam is highly flammable and requires heavy chemical treatment to pass federal fire safety standards. Organic mattresses don't use polyurethane foam or plastic-based materials, making them naturally easier to pass flammability tests without toxic chemicals.
Instead, organic mattresses use natural flame retardants like wool or mineral-based graphite powder to meet fire safety requirements. This means you get a flame retardant-free mattress (in terms of chemicals) that's still legally compliant and safe.
Are there natural fire retardants?
Yes, there are two main natural fire retardants used in non-toxic mattresses to pass federal fire safety standards:
Wool (Most Common Natural Flame Retardant) Organic wool naturally acts as a highly effective fire barrier without any chemical treatment. Wool's structure resists ignition, self-extinguishes, and creates a protective char layer when exposed to flame. This is why most GOTS-certified organic mattresses use wool batting as their primary fire safety solution—it's natural, non-toxic, and highly effective.
Graphite Powder (For Wool-Free Mattresses) Natural graphite is a mineral that rapidly expands when exposed to fire, absorbing oxygen and smothering flames. Since fire requires oxygen to burn, graphite quickly extinguishes it without toxic chemicals. While less common than wool, graphite is increasingly used by health-focused brands for vegan and wool-free organic mattress options. Avocado uses graphite in their wool-free mattresses, making them suitable for vegans or those with wool sensitivities.
In short, natural flame retardants in organic mattresses provide safe, effective fire protection without the hormone-disrupting chemicals found in conventional foam mattresses.
Organic mattress certifications, explained
When shopping for an organic mattress, only two certifications guarantee truly organic materials:
GOLS (Global Organic Latex Standard): Certifies organic latex from harvest through processing
GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard): Certifies organic cotton, wool, and other fabrics through the entire supply chain
These third-party certifications verify that materials are grown organically and processed without toxic chemicals. If a mattress claims to be organic but lacks GOLS and GOTS certification, it's likely healthwashing.
Many mattress brands use legitimate certifications that sound organic but have major gaps in what they actually verify. Certifications that look organic but aren't:
OCS (Organic Content Standard): Certifies cotton fibers are grown organically but doesn't regulate chemical processing, dyeing, or finishing treatments after harvest. Cotton can be organic in the field but chemically treated in manufacturing.
USDA Organic Cotton: Same limitation as OCS—verifies organic farming practices but allows chemical processing after harvest. Not comprehensive for finished textiles.
FSC-Certified Latex (Forest Stewardship Council): Verifies responsible forest management and sustainable harvesting practices but says nothing about how latex is processed. Does not guarantee the latex is organic or free from synthetic rubber fillers and chemical additives. FSC ≠ organic latex.
GOTS-Certified Latex (Confusing!): GOTS certifies fabrics, not foam or latex. However, GOTS standards allow latex in "GOTS-certified products" if the latex is organic, organic-in-conversion, or simply "sustainable" (see the fine print here). This does not mean the latex itself is GOLS-certified organic. It's deceptive because "GOTS" looks similar to "GOLS," leading shoppers to assume the latex is organic when it may not be. Or, you could argue that it is still a baby step in the right direction. Either way, it’s something to keep an eye on.
There's significant nuance to mattress certifications including OEKO-TEX, Cradle to Cradle (C2C), MADE SAFE, GREENGUARD Gold, and ecoINSTITUT. You can read detailed comparisons in my free Material Health Guides. But if you want the simplest answer: GOLS + GOTS = truly organic mattress.
Is GreenGuard GOLD foam non-toxic?
No, GreenGuard Gold certification does not mean foam is non-toxic or chemical-free. It only means the foam off-gasses volatile organic compounds (VOCs) below a certain threshold—not that it contains no harmful chemicals.
What GreenGuard Gold actually certifies:
Standard GreenGuard - VOC emissions must be less than 500 µg/m³
GreenGuard Gold - VOC emissions must be less than 220 µg/m³ (stricter standard for sensitive populations like children)
Lower VOC emissions are better than high emissions, but this certification has significant limitations for mattress safety.
Why GreenGuard Gold doesn't equal "healthy": Many harmful chemicals in polyurethane foam don't off-gas as VOCs, so they're not measured by GreenGuard testing. This includes:
Flame retardants (endocrine disruptors)
Plasticizers and stabilizers
Catalysts and blowing agents used in foam production
Residual isocyanates
These chemicals may remain in the foam long-term without off-gassing, meaning you're still exposed through skin contact. Some mattress brands misleadingly claim "It's GreenGuard Gold certified, so it's non-toxic!"—this is healthwashing in my opinion.
When GreenGuard Gold certification is useful:
If you're choosing between conventional foam mattresses and can't afford an organic latex mattress, GreenGuard Gold is a step in the right direction. It ensures lower chemical off-gassing than uncertified foam, making it a better option for:
Conventional memory foam mattresses
Polyurethane foam layers in hybrid mattresses
Budget-conscious shoppers who can't access organic options
In short, GreenGuard Gold reduces VOC exposure but doesn't eliminate toxic chemicals in foam. For a truly non-toxic mattress, look for GOLS-certified organic latex and GOTS-certified organic materials instead of any polyurethane foam—certified or not.
What is the healthiest mattress?
The healthiest mattresses are 100% GOLS and GOTS certified organic, made without polyurethane foam, toxic glues, or chemical flame retardants.
The top 10 healthiest mattress brands are listed at the top of this guide—including Avocado, Savvy Rest, My Green Mattress, EarthFoam, and others—all equally healthy and ranked by features like customization, price, and comfort rather than health differences.
What makes these the healthiest mattresses:
1. Zero toxic conventional materials: No polyurethane foam, plastic-based fire retardants, synthetic fibers you’re in contact with, or chemical adhesives. Conventional mattresses are made almost entirely from petroleum-based plastics that off-gas VOCs.
2. 100% certified organic and natural materials: Made exclusively with GOLS-certified organic latex (natural rubber), GOTS-certified organic cotton and wool, and either no adhesive or liquid organic latex as a non-toxic glue. Some include natural materials like coconut coir or hemp for added support.
3. Third-party certification verification: Unlike brands that claim "natural" or "eco-friendly" without proof, these mattresses display GOLS and GOTS certifications on their product pages. This means independent testing verified organic claims from farm to finished product—no healthwashing.
Compare the top 10 healthiest organic mattresses to see detailed breakdowns of materials, certifications, pricing, and which mattress is best for your sleep style and budget at the top of the page.
What is the healthiest mattress in a box?
Earthfoam makes a completely organic latex mattress that is delivered in a compact box. It’s made entirely of GOLS certified latex and is very comfortable.
(I speak from personal experience— I have one!)
Do organic mattresses smell?
Yes, organic mattresses have a mild natural scent, but it's not harmful or unpleasant like the chemical off-gassing from conventional foam mattresses.
What causes the smell in organic mattresses: Natural latex (rubber tree sap from the Hevea brasiliensis tree) has a subtle, naturally occurring scent that fades over a few days to weeks. This is not toxic off-gassing—it's organic material releasing natural compounds, similar to how fresh flowers, essential oils, or wood have a scent. Not all VOCs are harmful; plants and trees produce healthy volatile organic compounds.
What does organic latex smell like? Most people describe natural latex as having a faintly sweet, vanilla-like, or subtly fruity smell. The intensity depends on how much latex is in your mattress:
All-latex mattresses (springless) have a more noticeable scent initially since they're 100% organic latex
Hybrid mattresses with coil springs, wool batting, and thinner latex layers have a much milder scent
Latex pillows and toppers have minimal smell due to their smaller size
I personally noticed the natural latex scent more with my springless all-latex mattress than with my hybrid mattress or latex pillows, which have more diluted latex content.
How long do organic mattresses last?
Organic mattresses last longer than conventional foam mattresses because natural latex is significantly more durable than polyurethane foam.
Organic mattress lifespan:
Natural latex mattresses: 12-20 years (GOLS-certified organic Dunlop latex is the most durable)
Organic hybrid mattresses: 10-15 years (latex with wool and other comfort layers, plus steel coil support cores)
Conventional mattress lifespan:
Polyurethane foam mattresses: 6-8 years before breaking down, sagging, and losing support
Memory foam mattresses: 7-10 years (depending on memory foam formulation_
Why organic mattresses last longer:
Natural latex is inherently resilient and bounces back to its original shape, resisting body impressions and sagging. It's one of the most durable mattress materials available. Polyurethane foam, by contrast, is a petroleum-based plastic that breaks down chemically over time, losing density and support.
Organic wool and organic cotton covers also outlast synthetic polyester fabrics, which pill and wear faster. Plus, many organic mattress brands use high-quality construction—hand-tufting, natural latex adhesives, and durable steel coils—that extends overall lifespan.
What makes a mattress unhealthy?
What is a conventional polyurethane foam mattress made of?
Conventional polyurethane foam mattresses are made from petroleum-based chemicals—not natural materials. The two primary ingredients are polyols and isocyanates, which react together to form the foam structure.
Additional chemicals in polyurethane foam: Dozens of additional chemicals are added during manufacturing to make the foam easier to process in factories and to achieve specific performance characteristics. The four main categories of foam additives include:
Surfactants - Control bubble size and foam texture
Blowing agents - Create air pockets that puff the foam into its fluffy structure
Catalysts - Speed up the chemical reaction between polyols and isocyanates
Curatives - Help the foam set into a stable, moldable shape that releases from factory molds
Performance-modifying chemicals: Even more chemicals are added to change how the foam feels and functions:
Softening agents for plush memory foam
Gel beads or phase-change materials for "cooling" foam
Flame retardants (often toxic) to meet fire safety standards
Antimicrobial treatments
Colorants and dyes
Density modifiers
The final product is a complex chemical mixture that off-gasses volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for months or years. This is why new foam mattresses have that strong "new mattress smell"—it's synthetic chemicals releasing into your bedroom air.
What are polyols and isocyanates?
Polyols and isocyanates are the two primary chemicals that react together to create polyurethane foam used in conventional mattresses.
Polyols: Polyols are small molecules typically derived from petroleum through oil refining, though some manufacturers now use plant-based polyols (soy or corn-based) as a "greener" alternative. From a health perspective, polyols in finished foam don't directly off-gas or pose significant health risks to sleepers. The main concern is their environmental impact—they require petroleum refineries and contribute to fossil fuel dependence.
Isocyanates: Isocyanates are more problematic for human health. These reactive chemicals are known respiratory hazards that cause:
Occupational asthma
Lung damage and respiratory sensitization
Severe allergic reactions
In extreme cases, fatal reactions
Workers in foam factories, or those spraying foam insulation face the highest exposure risk and require protective equipment. Read more about isocyanate health hazards here.
What happens when they're mixed: When polyols and isocyanates are combined in manufacturing a mattress, they undergo a chemical reaction that creates polyurethane foam—transforming from liquid chemicals into a solid, spongy material. (Watch a 60 second video of the foam reaction here.)
Isocyanates are toxic! Should I worry about them in my mattress?
Probably not—but the research is limited and industry-influenced, so there is some uncertainty:
Why isocyanates might not be a concern: When polyols and isocyanates are mixed in the correct ratio during foam manufacturing, they undergo a chemical reaction called "curing" that makes them chemically inert. An analogy that might work well for you— think of it like water: hydrogen and oxygen are highly reactive on their own, but once combined as H₂O, they're stable and harmless. Similarly, fully cured polyurethane foam should contain no free (unreacted) isocyanates that can off-gas into your bedroom.
Why there's still some concern: If the foam mixture isn't perfectly balanced during production, unreacted isocyanates can remain in the finished mattress and off-gas over time, potentially causing respiratory irritation or allergic sensitization.
The (limited) research:
Industry-funded study (2012): Researchers assessed whether sleepers were exposed to unreacted isocyanates from mattresses. The results showed no health effects—but the study was conducted by employees of Dow Chemical Company, the International Isocyanate Institute, and BASF Polyurethane (major foam manufacturers). Read the study here.
Independent study (2015): University of Texas researchers tested 20 crib mattresses and found that many contained unreacted isocyanates along with other volatile chemicals. Read the study here.
Bottom line: Independent research is extremely limited. I'd love to see more unbiased studies on isocyanate levels in finished mattresses and long-term exposure effects.
Are the chemicals in foam mattresses safe at low levels?
This claim is partially true for isolated, short-term exposure to a single foam item—but it ignores real-world cumulative chemical exposure from foam products throughout your entire day and lifetime.
The problem with "low levels are safe" studies:
Most research testing foam mattress safety measures VOC levels from one mattress in isolation. But this doesn't reflect how we actually live. Consider your daily foam exposure:
Morning: Foam pillows and mattress (8 hours of direct contact)
Commute: Car seats padded with polyurethane foam
Work: Office chair, keyboard wrist rest, desk chair cushions
Errands: Gym equipment padding, dentist chair, restaurant seating
Evening: Couch cushions, dining chairs, insulation, carpet padding underneath your feet
Repeat daily
Foam is everywhere in modern homes, cars, and workplaces. You're exposed to foam products 16+ hours per day, every day, for your entire life.
Why cumulative exposure matters: Many chemicals in polyurethane foam don't just pass through your system—they accumulate and cause harm even at low levels.
Flame Retardants: Flame retardants like PBDEs and TDCPP build up in body fat over time. Even "low" daily exposure compounds into high total body burden over years.
Endocrine disruptors: Chemicals like phthalates and BPA (used as foam catalysts and additives) interfere with hormones at extremely low doses. There's no "safe" threshold—even parts-per-billion can disrupt reproductive, thyroid, and metabolic function.
Respiratory sensitizers: Repeated low-level exposure to residual isocyanates and VOCs can cause chemical sensitivities and asthma that worsen over time.
Studies claiming "low levels are safe" test individual products in isolation, not real-world cumulative exposure. Since you can't eliminate foam from cars, offices, and public spaces, reducing foam exposure where you have control—like choosing an organic latex mattress instead of polyurethane foam—is a practical harm-reduction strategy. What you can control: Your mattress (8 hours of direct skin contact nightly), pillows, couch cushions, and other home furnishings. Swapping these for organic materials significantly reduces your total lifetime chemical exposure.
Is memory foam toxic?
Yes. Memory foam mattresses contain toxic chemicals. Memory foam is polyurethane foam with additional chemical additives to create its signature slow-response, contouring feel.
What makes memory foam toxic: Memory foam contains all the same petroleum-based chemicals as standard polyurethane foam—polyols, isocyanates, catalysts, blowing agents, and flame retardants—plus extra chemicals to achieve its viscoelastic properties:
Viscoelastic additives - Chemicals that make the foam respond slowly to pressure (the "memory" effect)
Density modifiers - Increase foam weight and body-contouring properties
Plasticizers - Make the foam softer and more pliable
Heat-sensitive polymers - Allow foam to soften with body heat
Common toxic chemicals in memory foam:
Benzene, Toluene, Styrene, vinylcyclohexene and other VOCs (headaches, drowsiness)
PBDE flame retardants (endocrine disruptors, bioaccumulative)
Aromatic hydrocarbons (lung cancer, heart disease)
Stannous octoate (reproductive hazard)
Phthalates (endocrine disruptors)
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - Respiratory sensitizer linked to asthma
Methylene chloride - Used as a blowing agent; potential carcinogen
Why memory foam off-gasses more:
Memory foam is denser than regular polyurethane foam, meaning it contains more chemicals per cubic inch. The dense structure also traps VOCs inside, which release slowly over months or years—this is why memory foam mattresses often have a stronger, longer-lasting chemical smell than other foam types.
Are soy mattresses non-toxic?
No, "soy foam" mattresses are not non-toxic. Despite eco-friendly marketing, soy foam is still polyurethane foam—typically 95% petroleum-based chemicals with only 5-20% soy oil mixed in. This is greenwashing designed to make conventional foam mattresses appear healthier and more sustainable than they actually are.
What is CertiPUR foam?
CertiPUR foam is polyurethane foam certified by the CertiPUR-US program, which prohibits, or limits, a handful of harmful chemicals while allowing most other toxic mattress additives (that remain undisclosed.) See their latest 2025 standards update here.
What CertiPUR prohibits:
Some flame retardants: DMMP, HBCD, PBB, PCT, and TDBPP (but still allows PBDE flame retardants under certain limits)
Some blowing agents: CFCs, HCFC, and methylene chloride
Chlorinated phenols
Is CertiPUR foam actually non-toxic?
No. CertiPUR allows many known harmful chemicals in mattress foam. The following must be under certain limits:
Formaldehyde (carcinogen and respiratory irritant)
Benzene, Toluene, Styrene, vinylcyclohexene and other VOCs (headaches, drowsiness)
PBDE flame retardants (endocrine disruptors, bioaccumulative)
Aromatic hydrocarbons (lung cancer, heart disease)
Stannous octoate (reproductive hazard)
Heavy metals: Antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and selenium
13 kinds of phthalates (endocrine disruptors; there are 20+ kinds)
What CertiPUR says "should not be used" (unclear if banned or limited):
Azo-based colorants and azodyes (reproductive hazard, neurobehavioral changes)
The "second-party certification" problem: CertiPUR-US is not a true third-party certification. It was created by the polyurethane foam industry itself (through the Alliance for Flexible Polyurethane Foam) and uses industry-selected labs for testing. This means foam manufacturers essentially set their own standards and test their own products—a conflict of interest.
You could argue that this is still a step in the right direction. But, I’m a little skeptical, and I think the word PUR (pure) is misleading. The stannous octoate limit wasn’t added until 2023, so people were buying mattresses potentially affecting their fertility that they thought were safe, and that makes me pretty prickly!
How do mattress chemicals get into your body?
Chemicals from mattresses enter your body through three pathways: inhalation (breathing), ingestion (swallowing dust), and dermal absorption (through skin). Understanding how this happens explains why spending 8 hours per night on a toxic mattress creates significant chemical exposure.
How chemicals leave the mattress:
Polyurethane foam (including memory foam) is made from two tightly bonded chemicals: polyols and isocyanates (see more above). However, the dozens of additives mixed into foam—flame retardants, catalysts, plasticizers, and other proprietary chemicals—are not chemically bonded to the foam structure. Over time, as foam degrades from friction, body heat, and age, these additives fall out.
Two pathways for chemical release:
1. Into the air (VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds)
Lightweight chemicals evaporate from foam and adhesives as gases. This creates the "new mattress smell"—VOCs off-gassing into your bedroom air. This continues for months or even years as foam slowly releases volatile chemicals like formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and styrene.
2. Into household dust
Heavier chemicals (especially flame retardants like PBDEs) can't evaporate, so they fall out of degrading foam as particles. Lightweight particles suspend in air as dust, while heavier particles settle onto floors, furniture, and bedding. Flame retardants are particularly persistent in household dust because they're designed not to break down.
Three ways chemicals enter your body:
1. Inhalation (breathing)
You breathe in VOCs and lightweight chemical particles suspended in bedroom air throughout the night. Over 8 hours of sleep, you inhale significant quantities of off-gassing chemicals directly into your lungs, where they enter your bloodstream.
2. Ingestion (swallowing dust)
Adults ingest approximately 50mg of household dust daily through normal hand-to-mouth contact—touching dusty surfaces, then touching your face, eating, or drinking. Children ingest 100mg of dust daily because they spend more time on floors and have more frequent hand-to-mouth behavior. Flame retardants and other mattress chemicals in this dust are swallowed and absorbed through your digestive system.
3. Dermal absorption (through skin)
Chemicals are small enough to pass through skin—especially during sleep when you're in prolonged direct contact with your mattress for 8 hours. Flame retardants and other additives that have migrated to the mattress surface are dermally absorbedthrough your skin and enter your bloodstream. Sleeping on foam in pajamas or with only a sheet provides minimal barrier against this absorption.
Why this matters for long-term health:
You spend roughly one-third of your life (8 hours daily) in direct contact with your mattress. This means:
2,920 hours per year of continuous exposure via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption
Bioaccumulative chemicals like flame retardants build up in your body fat over years
Children are at higher risk due to higher dust ingestion rates and developing bodies
In short, mattress chemicals don't just stay in the foam—they continuously migrate into bedroom air and dust, entering your body through breathing, dust ingestion, and skin absorption. This is why choosing a non-toxic mattress made with GOLS-certified organic latex and GOTS-certified organic fabrics matters—you're eliminating 8 hours of daily chemical exposure for your entire lifespan.
How long do mattresses off-gas for?
Conventional polyurethane foam and memory foam mattresses off-gas for least one year—though some continue releasing VOCs for several years. The intensity of off-gassing decreases over time, but never stops completely as long as the foam continues degrading.
Why foam mattresses off-gas so long:
Polyurethane foam contains dozens of volatile chemicals—formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, styrene, and others—embedded throughout the material. These VOCs are released in two phases:
Initial off-gassing (first few weeks to months): The strongest "new mattress smell" comes from surface-level VOCs and residual chemicals from manufacturing. This is when off-gassing is most noticeable and intense.
Long-term off-gassing (1+ years): As foam degrades from body heat, friction, and humidity, chemicals deeper inside the foam migrate to the surface and continue off-gassing. This happens throughout the mattress's entire lifespan—6 to 10 years—just at lower levels than the initial period.
Factors that speed up off-gassing:
Heat: Body heat and warm bedroom temperatures accelerate chemical release from foam
Humidity: Moisture breaks down foam structure faster, releasing more VOCs
Friction: Movement during sleep causes foam degradation and chemical release
Age: Older foam off-gasses more as it breaks down structurally
What about "low-VOC" or CertiPUR foam?
CertiPUR-certified foam and "low-VOC" mattresses still off-gas—they just release VOCs below certain thresholds.
Organic latex mattresses and off-gassing:
Natural latex has a mild, natural scent from rubber tree sap that fades within days to weeks—not months or years. This isn't toxic off-gassing; it's natural organic compounds similar to the smell of wood, flowers, plants, or organic essential oils, for example. (Not all VOCs are bad!) GOLS-certified organic latex doesn't contain synthetic VOCs, so the difference is that there's no chemical off-gassing.
Allergies and Organic Mattresses
Are organic mattresses good for allergies and asthma?
Yes, organic mattresses are good for allergies and asthma for three reasons:
They are less susceptible to dust mites because latex, wool, and cotton are more breathable and resistant to moisture than polyurethane foam and synthetic fabrics like polyester. You may sweat less with an organic mattress, and any excess moisture will evaporate more quickly. Since dust mites thrive on moisture, this will reduce their numbers.
Latex is breathable, but it is dense, creating less spaces for your skin cells (dust mites’ source of food) and allergens to accumulate.
Asthma and allergies can be exacerbated by VOCs and off-gassing associated with standard polyurethane mattresses.
Are latex mattresses dust mite resistant?
No, latex mattresses are not completely dust mite proof, but they are significantly more resistant to dust mites than polyurethane foam mattresses.
Why latex resists dust mites better than foam: Dust mites thrive on two things— moisture (sweat) and skin cells you’ve shedded. Your mattress provides both, making it an ideal breeding ground. Natural latex mattresses offer better protection because:
Superior breathability: Natural latex has an open-cell structure that allows continuous airflow, unlike memory foam's dense, closed-cell design. Better airflow means less moisture accumulation—and fewer dust mites, which need humidity to survive.
Dense material structure: Latex is extremely dense (which is why latex mattresses are so heavy compared to foam). This density leaves less space for shed skin cells to penetrate deep into the mattress, reducing the food source for dust mites living inside.
Do dust mites matter for your health? Dust mites are harmless to most people. However, if you have dust mite allergies, asthma, or eczema, their waste particles and body fragments can trigger:
Sneezing, congestion, and runny nose
Itchy, watery eyes
Asthma attacks or difficulty breathing
Skin irritation and eczema flare-ups
How to make any mattress dust mite proof: If you have allergies to dust mites, use an OEKO-TEX certified 6-sided dust mite encasement (see the one I use here) to create a complete barrier. The fabric weave is so tight (1 micron pore size) that even dust mite feces and microscopic particles can't penetrate. This keeps moisture and skin cells out entirely, preventing dust mite colonization.
Additional dust mite prevention strategies: Even without an encasement, you can significantly reduce dust mites:
Use breathable organic bedding (cotton, linen, wool, Tencel) to minimize sweating
Add a mattress protector to block most sweat and skin cells from reaching the mattress
Wash bedding weekly on hottest setting to kill dust mites
Vacuum your mattress regularly with a HEPA filter vacuum
Are there organic mattresses for latex or wool allergies?
Yes, there are excellent organic and non-toxic mattress options for both latex and wool allergies. You don't have to compromise on health-conscious materials.
Best organic mattresses for latex allergies:
Parachute Eco Comfort Mattress (Latex-Free Hybrid) Natural, non-toxic mattress made with GOTS-certified organic cotton, OEKO-TEX certified wool, and supportive stainless steel coil springs—no latex anywhere. Jump to the top to see more details and compare mattress brands.
Home of Wool All-Wool Mattress (100% Wool, No Latex) Completely customizable mattresses filled entirely with organic wool and encased in your choice of organic cotton, linen, or wool fabric. Zero latex, zero springs. Jump to the top to see more details and compare mattress brands.
Best organic mattresses for wool allergies:
Avocado Vegan Mattress: Certified vegan mattress that replaces wool with organic cotton and natural materials. Available with GOLS-certified organic latex or as an all-cotton option. Uses natural graphite (a mineral fire retardant) instead of wool to meet fire safety standards. Jump to the top to see more details and compare mattress brands.
What if I'm allergic to BOTH latex and wool?
White Lotus EcoFoam Mattress (100% plant-based foam—not latex.) Unfortunately, there are very few truly organic mattresses that avoid both latex and wool, as these are the two primary natural, non-toxic mattress materials. Most “soy-based foams” are 5-20% soy and the rest is polyurethane, but thankfully that isn’t the case with White Lotus.
Is my mattress causing allergies?
Yes, your mattress could be triggering allergies—especially if you're sleeping on polyurethane or memory foam. Mattresses are breeding grounds (gross, sorry) for allergens that cause sneezing, congestion, itchy eyes, asthma, and skin reactions.
Common mattress allergens:
Dust mites (most common allergen): Dust mites thrive in all mattresses—foam, latex, innerspring, or organic—because mattresses collect exactly what dust mites need: shed skin cells (food) and moisture from sweat (humidity). Dust mite waste particles and body fragments are highly allergenic, triggering respiratory and skin reactions in sensitive individuals.
Solution: Use an OEKO-TEX certified 6-sided dust mite encasement with 1-micron pore size to completely seal your mattress. This blocks dust mites, their feces, and allergen particles from reaching you. See the encasement I use here.
Mold and mildew (moisture-related): Memory foam and polyurethane foam trap heat and moisture, creating ideal conditions for mold growth—especially in humid climates. Mold spores trigger severe allergic reactions and asthma.
Solution: Choose breathable natural materials (latex, wool, cotton) that wick moisture and resist mold naturally. Use a dehumidifier in humid climates, and use an indoor air quality monitor with a hygrometer to keep track of humidity levels.
VOCs and chemical off-gassing (foam mattresses): If you have a new or relatively new polyurethane foam or memory foam mattress, you may be reacting to off-gassing VOCs. VOCs can worsen allergy and asthma symptoms.
Solution: Replace with an organic mattress, or ventilate by opening windows daily to off-gas outdoors. Use an air purifier that is capable of capturing VOCs for days you can’t keep the windows open.
Natural material allergies (less common): If you're sleeping on an organic or natural mattress and still experiencing allergies, you may have sensitivities to:
Latex: Natural rubber protein (rare, affects 1-6% of population)
Wool: Lanolin or wool fibers (uncommon)
Cotton: Dust accumulation or chemical processing residues (rare)
Solution: Get allergy testing to identify specific triggers, then choose mattresses that avoid your allergens (see FAQ on latex and wool allergies above).
Are latex mattresses safe for latex allergy?
Yes, natural latex mattresses are generally safe for people with latex allergies. Here's why:
Latex protein is destroyed during processing: The allergenic proteins in natural rubber latex are inactivated during vulcanization (the high-heat baking process that transforms liquid latex sap into solid foam). This heat treatment denatures the proteins responsible for allergic reactions, making finished latex mattresses non-allergenic for most people with latex sensitivities.
Medical latex vs. mattress latex: Latex allergies typically develop from repeated exposure to medical-grade latex products (gloves, catheters, medical equipment) that contain higher levels of residual proteins. Mattress-grade natural latex undergoes more extensive processing, further reducing protein content.
If you have a diagnosed severe latex allergy or want to avoid any risk, choose a 100% latex-free mattress made with:
Organic wool and cotton: Parachute Eco Comfort Mattress (GOTS organic cotton + OEKO-TEX wool + springs)
All-wool construction: Home of Wool mattresses (customizable organic wool fill with cotton or linen casing)
Plant-based foam: White Lotus EcoFoam (100% plant-based, not natural rubber latex)
Jump to the top to see more details and compare mattress brands.
Testing for reactions: If you're unsure about your sensitivity, request a small latex sample from mattress companies before purchasing.
Why is it so hard to find wool-free organic mattresses?
Wool is the most effective natural flame retardant available, making it essential for organic mattresses to meet federal fire safety standards without toxic chemicals.
Why organic mattresses use wool:
Federal fire safety requirements: All mattresses sold in the U.S. must pass open flame tests (16 CFR 1633). Conventional mattresses use chemical flame retardants—toxic endocrine disruptors like PBDEs and TDCPP that off-gas for years. Organic mattresses can't use these chemicals, so they rely on wool's natural fire-resistant properties.
Wool's unique fire safety benefits:
Self-extinguishes when exposed to flame
Creates a protective char layer that prevents fire spread
Requires no chemical treatment to be effective
This makes wool the safest, most effective natural flame retardant—which is why nearly every organic mattress uses wool batting as a fire barrier layer.
Wool-free organic mattress options— If you're allergic or sensitive to wool but want a non-toxic mattress, choose one of these rare wool-free alternatives:
Avocado Vegan Mattress (uses graphite instead of wool): Certified vegan mattress that uses natural graphite powder—a mineral that rapidly expands on contact with fire, absorbing oxygen and smothering flames.
White Lotus EcoFoam (plant-based foam, wool-free): 100% plant-based foam (not natural rubber latex) that's wool-free. However, you need a doctor's note to order without wool, as wool is their primary fire safety solution.
Beyond fire safety, wool offers benefits that are hard to replace:
Natural temperature regulation (keeps you cool in summer, warm in winter)
Moisture-wicking (prevents sweat buildup and mold)
Antimicrobial and dust mite resistant
Biodegradable and sustainable
Finding a single material that matches all these properties while also being a natural flame retardant is nearly impossible—which is why wool is so popular in organic mattress construction.
Affordable Organic Mattress Options
Are organic mattresses worth the extra cost?
Yes, organic mattresses are worth the investment for 3 reasons:
Eliminate 8 hours of daily chemical exposure: You spend approximately one-third of your life (2,920 hours per year) sleeping on your mattress with prolonged skin contact, inhalation, and heat exposure that accelerates chemical release. Conventional polyurethane and memory foam mattresses continuously expose you to flame retardants, VOCs, phthalates, and other processing chemicals.
They’re a very easy health upgrade— rare in the health world! Once it’s in your bedroom, you don’t have to think about it, or make any extra effort, unlike diet, exercise, and basically anything else that reduces risk.
Long-term health investment: While organic mattresses cost more upfront than conventional foam mattresses, they last longer, with a 10-20 year lifespan (organic latex is much more durable than foam.) And, there’s always the potential for avoided health costs: Reduced exposure to carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, and respiratory irritants every single night.
What should I do if I can’t afford an organic mattress?
There are five things you can do if you can’t afford an organic mattress:
Increased cleaning: dusting, mopping, and vacuuming weekly can pick up any sVOCs (like flame retardants) that come from standard mattresses invisibly shedding over time. You can ventilate by opening windows daily to help release any VOCs off-gassing from foam or treated fabrics.
Consider an organic mattress latex topper, which is typically much less expensive than a full mattress and may help protect you from anything nasty in the mattress underneath.
Consider an organic pillow in the meantime. Your face comes into even closer contact with the materials in your bedroom than the rest of your body, and this is a great way to start reducing exposures.
Focus on other aspects of your health— interior exposures are one part of the big picture of your health and there are so many good ways to take care of yourself! Read more about why I have this philosophy here.
Discount shopping: latex-only organic mattresses (no springs) tend to be less expensive. I bought my first organic mattress when I was a grad student, and used Avocado’s payment plan, paying it off in monthly installments over a year. You can also wait for organic mattresses to go on sale, or buy secondhand.
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